Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Software Design Defects Detection and Classification Literature review
Software Design Defects Detection and Classification - Literature review Example This essentially refers to â€Å"fitness for use†. On a detailed elucidation of quality, software design defects come into the picture. Quality software not only meets the full user requirements, but is also usable for the purpose it was designed( Du Bois, Verelst and Demeyer 2004). Given the software process as earlier mentioned morphs the information from one form to another, errors are likely to occur in any of the forms (user needs, design, code etc.) of the product. This paper focuses on the design of software and the relation to the overall product. Generally, it ties software quality management to the success of the software process. In a more specific perspective, realised by careful examination of the models and frameworks of the software process, the paper reviews the software design defects are detected. The models reviewed are an indispensable part of software development and as such, it is important to examine how they help â€Å"clean up†the software proc ess(Leszak, Perry and Stoll 2002). In addition, the paper classifies the software design defects â€Å"shortcomings†that stem from poor design of software. In software development, the writing of a defect free code is one of the major concerns. This concern is cuts across the e software development and object oriented programming community. ... The shortcoming of this approach was that the same defects would still be realised in another software process(Moha and Gueheneuc 2005). It is important to consider the uniqueness, of each piece of software. They are designed as artefacts and meant to serve the user needs adequately. However, the process – individuals, tools, methodology- followed are is the same. This aspect of software development shows that the defects in the process are likely to be repeated. Applying quality management â€Å"control†on the software process is being adopted as a guarantee to achieve software quality. Total quality management of the software design aims at continuously improving the quality of the end product( Kessentini, Sahraoui and Boukadoum 2011 ). Managing the software design by controlling the end product at the design stage is a technique to curve out the causes of defects. This technique adopts a set of practices throughout the software process and is aimed at consistently m eeting the end user needs. While focussing on the software design defects, it is important to note that poor customer requirements elicitation could contribute to poor design of the software (Moha 2007). The focus here is the practices of software management adopted to counter software defects and detect the defects. Most importantly, the main idea is using established processes to catch the software design defects. From this perspective, we are able to examine how total quality management – continuous management of the process – is effected using the design The development of code for software development is a practice that requires skill and experience, producing a design defect free code that does
Monday, October 28, 2019
Relationships In A Time That This Novel Is Set Essay Example for Free
Relationships In A Time That This Novel Is Set Essay How does Steinbeck present ideas of relationships in a time that this novel is set? Steinbeck portrays a world dominated by authoritative white males. It is the attitude of this social structure that permeate ranch society and those who come from outside these expectations are inferior. Of Mice and Men describes the plight of which women, disabled people, black people and people with mental difficulties endure and suffer simply because they do not fit into the ideal category which we see whilst they interact with each other. Lennie’s brief interaction with Crooks reveals the complexity of racial prejudice during the ranch life. Like many of the men on the characters in the story, Crooks admits to being very lonely. â€Å"This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here but me.†When Lennie visits him in his room, Crooks turns him away, in hope that he will prove a point that if a black man cannot enter a white man’s room then it is unacceptable for the reverse to occur. However, his desire for company ultimately wins out and he invites Lennie to sit with him. In addition, he seems very suspicious of any kindness he receives. The fact that he doubts Lennie being kind to him refers to the strong racism on the ranch. Crooks is not sure how to react to Lennie and his instant reaction is for Lennie to leave. This outsider status causes him to lament his loneliness, but we can see the corrosive effects it has on him as he seems delighted in seeing loneliness in others. For example, he suggests that George is gone for good and it is not until Lennie threatens Crooks with physical violence does he relent. We cannot blame Crooks. On the other hand, this evokes sympathy as the origins of his cruel behaviour are made evident. We can infer that he is jealous and lonely that he wants to see someone else hurt just like he is. Curley and his wife have an unstable marriage, lacking in respect, compassion and communication. Curley believes that his wife is his posse ssion and shows her off to the other men. Throughout the novel we see Curley asking the other men where his wife is and likewise we see Curley’s wife looking for him. This could be a metaphor that although they are together they are still lonely. Their relationship is unhealthy as he manipulates and intimidates his wife. However, Curley seems very selfish and he did not seem to care for his wife. He used her for sex. Furthermore, the fact that she is referred to as â€Å"Curley’s wife†suggests that women did not have an identity. Curley is too protective over his wife as he knew she flirted with the other men and Curley felt threatened, especially as she was the only woman on the ranch. There is not trust between them which is very unhealthy and not good. I think she enjoyed flirting because she felt isolated and lonely. Most of the ranch hands looked down upon her and thought she was a â€Å"slut.†This was the typical attitude towards women during this time period. They were seen as possessions of their husband. At the end of the novel, Steinbeck said that when she died, she was released and â€Å"discontent and the ache for attentions were all gone from her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet.†When she was alive, she was wearing a mask and no one knew her true identify, as there was no one there to understand or get to know the real her but now she is dead, and the mask is off she looks better: â€Å"Her reddened lips made her seem alive.†Finally, in death, she could find the peace and calm that evaded her when she was alive in the harsh society. Ironically, her corpise is praised more in death than she was life. We begin to question Steinbeck’s intentions in giving us an unsympathetic view of this women and in women in general. Whenever she expresses her loneliness they are followed by acts of manipulation or violence. He seems to characterise women as trouble and they are â€Å"the downfall of man.†She is the catalyst of the drama which links to that point also. I don’t necessarily think that Steinbeck was sexist and is instead making a point about society’s sexism. She is the only character without a name, and even Crooks- who at that time was a member of a even more hated social group and if she talks to anyone â€Å"he gets mad.â€
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Harassment Essay -- essays research papers
OUTLINE THESIS STATEMENT: In today’s society 40 percent of the nation’s 55 million working women have experienced sexual harassment in the workplace. I.     Introduction II.     Types of sexual harassment      A.     Requirements of sexual harassment           1.     Concept of unwelcome conduct           2.     Sexual nature of conduct      B.     Claims of harassment           1.     Quid quo pro           2.     Hostile environment III.     Types of Recourse      A.     Face-to-face      B.     Employer intervention      C.     Legal action IV.     Prevention of sexual harassment      A.     Written document      B.     Proper and supervising      C.     Rumors and Innuendo V.     Conclusion      SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE OF WOMEN Bernesha Benson SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE OF WOMEN      What is sexual harassment? It is the conduct to unwelcome and affect the terms and conditions of employment. There are several different ways an individual can be sexual harassed . ∙     Derogatory or vulgar comments about someone’s gender, physical anatomy or characteristics. ∙     Sexually suggestive or vulgar language. ∙     Threats or physical harm. ∙     Sexually oriented or suggestive pictures, posters, magazines, or other materials. ∙     Touching someone in a sexually suggestive way, or in a way calculated ... ...bsp;   Anyone who supervisw needs to have some basic education in a number of employee relations areas, including sexual harassment . They also need to have an interpersonal of behavior awarness component in their training. All supervisors and managers should have a fundmental knowledge of equal opportunity and affirmiative action issues, the provisionsof TitleVII and its impact on the workplace. Basic information of human resources policies will also help managers. Supervsiors and managersshould understand what sexual harassment is and what it is not from both legal and practical point of view.      Human resources professionals and line managers are frequently in a position to hearthe latest corporate gossip. While we all know the exaggeration and elaboration are the gossipers stock in trade we also know that there is usually a kernel of truth inside the mass of rumor and innuendo when whispers have to do with possible sexual harassment, particularly when same players are featured again and again, the employer ignores these rumors at its peril. Discreet inquires may well uncover a situation that requires fast and professional intervention.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Humans and Nature: The Sad Truth about the Relationship between Humans
Since the shift into the Holocene era with the rise of sedentism throughout various millenniums across six continents to present day human ingenuity, respect and attention towards the site gradually declined as technologies advanced human capability and chances of survival. Digging deep in time back to the ancestral hunter-gathering tribes of southwestern France in the Caves of Lascaux, where the site was the structure itself, shifting towards the Anasazi of Mesa Verde who created a structure utilizing the site, finally ending with modern day commercial chain buildings stamped onto landscape with neither respect nor consideration of natural landform and the grim outlook for the city of New Orleans, these sites offer insight to the nulling of human reverence to Earth as technology replaces the necessity for natural provisions. Evolution among ideas and communities both on a communal and global scale show the rising ignorance of Earth throughout history. Although co ntemporary sites break from this shift towards a product over placement, the overall generalization of architecture must recognize this change to shed light for a future of reinvesting in the earth’s protection and prolonging of humanity. Rewind the historical clock 19,000 years ago when anatomically correct, coherent humans first set out to alter the natural world’s many caverns and crevices such as in the Caves of Lascaux. In Paleolithic times when the formation of complex languages and cognitive skills replaced instinctive traits of nourishment, shelter, and procreation, so too did the formation of non-domestic ancestral sites. Archeologically, structures in prehistoric sites are either debunked as domestic or non-domestic, usually associating... ...history. Hurricane Katrina acts as a message to humanity across the globe, architecture must recognize this numbness and utilize the features of the Earth to rekindle light for a future within Earth’s protection and prolonging of humanity. Works Cited Ingersoll, Kostof. . World Architecture, A Cross-Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2013. print. Varien, M. . Sedentism and Mobility in a Social Landscape: Mesa Verde & Beyond. Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, USA, 1999. print. Venturi et al. . LEARNING FROM LAS VEGAS: THE FORGO'rI'EN SYMBOUSM OF ARCHITECTURAL FORM. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, USA, 2013. print. Williams, R. . Keywords, a vocabulary of culture and society. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 1976. print. 1 The Citation referring to Brush and Turner comes from a cited source in Varien, M’s book.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Police Abuse Essay
Police brutality is the excessive, unreasonable use of force against citizens, suspects, and offenders. A study showed that most citizens complained against police officers because of the use of profanity and abusive language towards them, the use of commands to move on or get home, stopping and questioning people on the street or searching them and their cars without probable cause, the use of threats to use force if not obeyed, prodding with a nightstick or approaching with a pistol, and actual use of physical force or violence itself for no reason at all. Police brutality causes a lack of communication between minority groups and the police department and a lack of trust because of previous run-ins with brutality. In some cases police brutality runs over into an officer’s personal life as well. There have been several cases where an officer is arrested due to domestic violence and leads to an investigation of their work life. Most of the time there are cover ups, when domestic disputes occur so that the department does not get negative coverage if the incident was to get out, (2002, November). Ethics are considered a structure for most departments in the United States. There are several bad apples that get greedy and are cocky at times and think that they cannot be touched if they do wrong. Police departments around the U.S. have several issues with corruption, misconduct, and brutality. Most of the time these issues are covered up so that, these officers do not give the departments bad names and people do not trust them and they, are having more crime on their hands instead of defeating the crime. In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and recovery of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens’ rights are taken advantage of by the police. Some measures necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. All citizens must take affirmative actions from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Members of the police force are government officials who enforce the law and maintain order. They are engaged in dangerous and stressful occupation that can involve violent situations that must be controlled. In many of these confrontations with the public it may become necessary for the police to administer force in order to take control of the situation. As unfortunate as it may seem however, police officers are injuring and even killing people through the use of excessive force and brutal treatment. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, to such an extent that worrying about excessive policy for abuse behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are serving; not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, accurately identified as civil rights. One of the main police abuse problems is physical brutality. I think that there should be some kind of written policy that would restrict physical force to the narrowest possible range of specific situations. For example, there should be limitations on the use of hand to hand combat, batons, mace, stun guns and firearms. However, limiting policies actions will bring much debate, especially from police officers and administrators themselves. Many feel that their firepower is already too weak to battle the weapons that criminals have out on the streets, thus limiting their legality of gun use will not only endanger them, but the innocent bystanders who must endure the hierarchy gun power creates in the benefit of criminals. In simple terms, corruption in policing is usually viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: Misuse of authority, Misuse of official capacity, Misuse of personal attainment, (Kornblum 1976: p 71). It has been said that power inevitably leads to corruption, and it is yet to be recognized that , while there is no reason to suppose that policemen as individuals are any less fallible than other members of society, people are often shocked and outraged when policemen are exposed to violating the law. Not only should officers use brutality in very limited situations, I think that it would help requiring officers to file a written report after any use of physical force, regardless of how seemingly insignificant. Although, if every incidence of police abuse was requested to be reported, how many actually would be? Maybe only those serious enough, as depicted in new guidelines, would make it, leaving some space for officers to exert pressure without crossing serious and abusive policy. Another good tactic to control police brutality is to establish a system to identify officers who have been involved in an inordinate number of incidents that include the inappropriate use of physical fo rce. The incidents should then be investigated. For those offices who are frequently involved in unnecessary police brutality, they should be charged, disciplined, re-trained, and offered counseling. If such treatment proves ineffective, officers who violate abuse standards should be brought up on review before an administrative board made up of citizens and police officials. Officers will most likely ask, â€Å"Is identifying abusive officers a form of prejudice? The police officer is there to serve and protect the public who pays his or her salary. The officer should then be subject to any investigations into his or her abusive actions on the job. Yet even if internal policy and external government supervision is successful, it is difficult to say how the ethics of police officers will affect abuse policy as they are based on personal background and upbringing that have little to do with the issue at hand. While there are specific solutions to brutality and rights abuse, there are also some general solutions that could be implemented before the problems even arise. For example, there should be changes in police officer training. Some communities have demanded their officers receive higher education. However, there is no proof that well-educated officers rely less on abuse and more on departmentally sound investigation techniques. The length of training of police personnel should be increased, as has been the recent trend throughout the years. â€Å"The average length of police academy programs has more than doubled, from about 300, to over 600 hours; in some cities, 900 up to even 1200 hours has become the new rule.†(Silverman 1999: p 124) As the time devoted to training has increased, the institutions should also stress the importance of the growing trends in criminal activity so that they are prepared to deal with them. These include such areas as race relations, domestic violence, handling the mentally ill, and so on. This will, in turn, enable operations run more smoothly, hopefully avoiding police abuse problems in the future. Methods must be implemented which effectively deal with police who tend to cross the line, from simple situations to serious firearm use or prejudice. Some of the solutions, particularly the policy changes, will be met with controversy and will be difficult to implement. Keeping track of police actions is the next step in self-protection. There have been thousands of reported incidents of police misconduct in the countless cities throughout the nation, and probably thousands more that transpire without any mention. Law enforcement officers in the United States have been granted powerful authority to assist them in serving and protecting the people of this country. Many of them use their authority to uphold their duties with honor and integrity. However, the abuses of these powers are taking place with more and more frequency. The police scandals that have surfaced within the past decade have been multiplying. If drastic measures are not taken to restore the integrity of the United States Law Enforcement, chaos will permeate throughout the nation. As citizens begin to lose their trust for law enforcement, they will gradually lose their trust in the â€Å"system†. While the threat of a world war has diminished, the violence on the streets across America has increased at a dramatic rate. Police are forced to face this violence and are sometimes caught up in the same violent and abusive cycle whole trying to fight it. Citizens realize that there are limits as to what a police officer can do. To make society a safe place for both citizens and officers, it is imperative that they work together for a comprehensive checks and balances system. The United States Constitution guarantees certain rights for everyone, and is the very backbone of this country. If these rights are to be ignored, either through permissive laws enacted by law enforcement against private citizens, or through a lack of maintenance of existing protective legislation, private citizens; which means the entire country, will become paralyzed. Because of this, the opportunity and freedom which this country is built on must be enforced, and those charged with doing so must not abuse their power. References (2002, December) Police Corruption, http://www.iejs.com/policing word-slash-word police_corruption.htm (2002, November) Addressing police misconduct, http://www.usdoj.gov (2002, November) Police brutality: the cop crimes homepage for law enforcement and government corruption, http://www.copcrimes.comword-slashwordhomepage.htm Alpert, Geoffrey P., Dunham Roger G. Police Use of Deadly Force. Washington D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum, 1995. Chevigny, Paul. Police Power. Toronto: Random House, 1994. Cohen, Henry. Brutal Justice. New York: John Jay Press, 1980. Kornblum, Alan N. The Moral Hazards. New York: D.C. Heath, 1976. Silverman, Eli B. NYPD Battles Crime. Boston: Northeastern Univ. Press, 1999.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Conductivity and Conductive Elements
Conductivity and Conductive Elements Conductivity refers to the ability of a material to transmit energy. There are different types of conductivity, including electrical, thermal, and acoustical conductivity. The most electrically conductive element is silver, followed by copper and gold. Silver also has the highest thermal conductivity of any element and the highest light reflectance. Although it is the best conductor, copper and gold are used more often in electrical applications because copper is less expensive and gold has a much higher corrosion resistance. Because silver tarnishes, it is less desirable for high frequencies because the exterior surface becomes less conductive. As to why silver is the best conductor, the answer is that its electrons are freer to move than those of the other elements. This has to do with its valence and crystal structure. Most metals conduct electricity. Other elements with high electrical conductivity, are aluminum, zinc, nickel, iron, and platinum. Brass and bronze are electrically conductive alloys, rather than elements. Table of the Conductive Order of Metals This list of electric conductivity includes alloys as well as pure elements. Because the size and shape of a substance affect its conductivity, the list assumes all samples are the same size. In order of most conductive to least conductive: SilverCopperGoldAluminumZincNickelBrassBronzeIronPlatinumCarbon SteelLeadStainless Steel Factors That Affect Electrical Conductivity Certain factors can affect how well a material conducts electricity. Temperature: Changing temperature of silver or any other conductor alters its conductivity. In general, increasing the temperature causes thermal excitation of the atoms and decreases conductivity while increasing resistivity. The relationship is linear, but it breaks down at low temperatures.Impurities: Adding an impurity to a conductor decreases its conductivity. For example, sterling silver is not as good of a conductor as pure silver. Oxidized silver is not as good a conductor as untarnished silver. Impurities hinder electron flow.Crystal structure and phases: If there are different phases of a material, conductivity will slow slightly at the interface and may be different from one structure than another. The way a material has been processed can affect how well it conducts electricity.Electromagnetic fields: Conductors generate their own electromagnetic fields when electricity runs through them, with the magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field. External electromagneti c fields can produce magnetoresistance, which can slow the flow of current. Frequency: The number of oscillation cycles an alternating electrical current completes per second is its frequency in Hertz. Above a certain level, a high frequency can cause current to flow around a conductor rather than through it (skin effect). Since there is no oscillation and hence no frequency, the skin effect does not occur with direct current.
Monday, October 21, 2019
How to Actually Use Your SAT Math Formulas
How to Actually Use Your SAT Math Formulas SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On average, you’ll need to use an SAT math formula once every four to five questions. This accounts for approximately 20-25% of the combined math sections, which means it is crucial that you understand how and when to employ your formulas on the SAT. We’ve put together the list of your need-to-know SAT formulas (prioritized in the order from greatest to least that you’ll see them on the SAT) as well as how to best use them for test-day. What Formulas Will You Need on the SAT? You will always be given nine geometry formulas and two geometry laws on the test, but NO algebra or coordinate geometry formulas. We’ve put together a list of the 21 SAT math formulas you should know for test dayand prioritized them according to â€Å"need to know†and â€Å"good to know.†If you feel rusty on any formula or math topic on the list, check out one of our individual math topic guidesto see how the formula works (and even why it works), as well as how to recognize when to use it. We’ll also show you the alternatives to using formulas for many questions. For instance, you can solve your distance questionsby either using the distance formula or by drawing a picture and using the Pythagorean Theorem. Both of these methods require formulas, but you are given the Pythagorean Theorem in the formula box, and so we have classified the distance formula as â€Å"good to know†but ultimately not â€Å"necessary.†SAT math questions are designed to be solved in a multitude of ways, so don't worry about having to find the one "right" path. How to Use Your Formulas Effectively So how do you best utilize your formulas, both given and not given? Let’s take a look. 1) MEMORIZE your formulas The best thing you can do for yourself (and your SAT math score) is to memorize your formulasyes, even the ones you’re given. Though it is nice to have the formula box as a fallback option to double-check your work, it is both a distraction and a time suck to continuously flip back and forth from problem to formula box, problem to formula box. Dividing your focus like this can lead to careless errors and is not something that we recommend. Unless you, for any reason, cannot memorize your formulas, then absolutely do so. Memorization (and practice, to drill them into your head) is going to be one of the strongest tools in your belt when taking the SAT math section. If you're a visual learner, make yourself a set of formula flash cards. If you're a kinesthetic (movement) learner, practice drawing and/or writing them out on a separate piece of paper. And if you're an auditory learner, get a parent or a friend to help you drill them aloud. Once you feel you've got your formulas down, practice using them on actual SAT questions to help you both remember them and learn how to use a particular formula for a particular problem. (We'll give you the opportunity to practice using your formulas in the next section.) 2) Prioritize learning your most crucial formulas Some formulas come up over and over (and over!), while others show up sparingly at best. If you are pressed for time, nervous about memorizing so many formulas, or simply trying to map out your plan of attack, memorize your formulas in the order that they appear most often on the test. Of your â€Å"necessary†formulas, they appear on the test from greatest prevalence to least in roughly this order: Law: the sum of the interior degrees of a triangle is 180 Area of a triangle Law: the sum of the degrees of a straight line is 180 Area of a rectangle (or other quadrilateral) Pythagorean Theorem Finding slope of a given line (rise/run) Finding slope of line connecting two points Finding percentages Law: the number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360 Area of a circle Circumference of a circle Finding averages Area of a circle’s arc Circumference of a circle’s arc Finding probabilities Finding combinations Finding the midpoint of a line Volume of rectangular solid Volume of cylinder Of the â€Å"good to know†or â€Å"shortcut†formulas, you will need them roughly in this order: Special right triangle properties, 30-60-90 Special right triangle properties, 45-45-90 Arithmetic sequences Geometric sequences Distance formula 3) Decide NOW which (if any) of your â€Å"good to know†formulas you want to memorize The reason they are called â€Å"good to know†formulas is exactly how it soundsyou can find all the answers to your SAT math problems without knowing these formulas or shortcuts at all. On the other hand, knowing them can save you time and effort, so it’s entirely your decision whether or not to memorize them. Just keep in mind that it is worse to remember a formula incorrectly than it is to have not attempted memorizing it at all. So if you do decide to memorize, say, the distance formula, make sure you’ve got it locked down tight. Otherwise, just decide here and now to only pay attention to your necessary formulas and leave the â€Å"good to know†formulas in the dust. 4) Practice SAT math questions at home without looking up your formulas It’s one thing to memorize your formulas with flash cards, but it’s a whole other ball game to remember them when you come face to face with real SAT math problems. You’ll have to figure out which formulas to use and how to execute them, in addition to remembering just what they are. And the only way you’re going to be able to do this is by practicing. After you’ve made the effort to memorize your formulas, practice your SAT questions without the safety net. Try to solve them as if you were really taking the testso memorize your formulas if possible, but feel free to use the given formulas as a fallback in case you get stuck or need to double-check your answers. 5) Don’t panic if you forget a formula Most of all don’t panic! We’ve said it before, and we’ll say it againthere are always multiple ways for you to solve your SAT math questions. So if you forget a formula, don’t worry about it! Is it a problem that can’t be solved without a formula? You will always have your given formulas in your formula box to rely on in a pinch. Is it a problem that requires an algebraic (aka, NOT given) formula? Then you will likely be able to solve it in a way that does not require a formula. On most occasions, you will be able to use the strategies of plugging in answers,plugging in numbers,or even just making a logical guess, to help you solve questions that you otherwise cannot. If necessary, you can usually eliminate one or two answer choices that are obvious outliers, even if you don’t know the formulas or strategies for how to solve the problem. For example, let's check out how we narrow down our answer options for an SAT math problem without using any formulas at all. If, for any reason, you forgot your formulas and even forgot that you had a formula box at your disposal, you can still eliminate several answer choices for this problem. If we remember that all SAT figures are drawn to scale unless otherwise noted, we can see at a glance that angles $a$ and $c$ are clearly smaller than angles $b$, $d$, and $e$. Eliminating two answer choices is enough to take a guess on the SAT and not risk too much with a wrong answer penalty, but we might be able to narrow it down even further. Even without knowing that a straight line has a degree measure of 180, we can logically deduce that a straight line must measure some amount and that all straight lines will be the same. The unknown angle attached to a given angle in a straight line (the supplementary angle) will therefore measure the remaining amount of the full measure of the line (whatever that measure may be). To visualize this, let's say that you have two buckets full of tennis balls. Each bucket contains the exact same amount of tennis balls, even though you don't know how many that is. You remove two tennis balls from the first bucket and one tennis ball from the second. Even though you didn't know how many tennis balls there were to begin with in each bucket, we know that the second bucket must have more tennis balls remaining than the first. This means that the angle attached (supplementary) to the larger given angle on a line will be smaller than the angle supplementary to the smaller given angle on a line. In other words,angle $e$ will be smaller than angle $b$, because $e$ is attached to a larger angle on a line. This means we can eliminate angle $e$ from the group. This leaves us with two answer choices, $b$ and $d$, all without the use of any formulas whatsoever. By guessing now, we have a 50-50 shot of getting it right! [Note: the correct answer is D, angle $d$.] And, as a last resort, you can always skip the problem entirely. Remember: if you cannot eliminate any answer choices, then you’re better off skipping the problem and simply moving on. Pick up points where you can and cut your lossesa question here and there that you have to skip won’t affect your score as much as you may think. Ready to test out your formula skills? SAT Math Practice Using Formulas Now let’s test your formula knowledge against real SAT math problems, all of which require formulas (both given and not given) to solve. 1) 2) 3) 4) Answers: D, D, C, 8 Answer Explanations: 1) If we remember our solid geometry formulas, we know that the volume of a rectangular prism is found by: $a = lwh$ So we can find the volume of our smaller rectangular blocks by multiplying the height, length, and width. $3 * 2 * 1$ $6$ inches. We can also find the volume of our larger prism the same way. We are told that the box is a cube, which means that the height, length, and width are all equal. If one side of the cube measures 6 inches, the volume of the cube will be: $6 * 6 * 6$ $216$ inches. Now we can simply divide the larger box by the smaller blocks. $216/6$ $36$ 36 smaller rectangular blocks will be able to fit into the larger box. Our final answer is D, 36. 2) This is another problem we can pretty much eyeball and work through logically, without knowing much about circles. We can also work through it using our formulas properly, so let's look at both techniques. Let's start by estimating. We are told that the larger circle has a circumference of 36 and that the radius of the smaller circle is half the radius of the larger circle. We also know that the figure is to scale, since we are not told otherwise. Even without knowing anything about circles, we can see that the cut out of 80 ° looks to be a little less than a quarter of both the larger and the smaller circle. As you can see, the red lines would divide the circle into proper quarters, and 80 ° is a little less than this. So if we know that the larger circumference is 36, we can divide this by 4 to find the approximate length of the larger arc. $36/4 = 9$ We know that the arc of the larger circle must besmaller than 9 (remember80 ° is a little less than a quarter), so the arc of the smaller circle must be even smaller than this. We can safely eliminate answer options A and B. Now we can eyeball the difference between the arc measures and guess that, if the larger arc is close to 9, the smaller arc is probably larger than 2. This leaves us with two answer choices, C and D, which gives us a 50-50 chance of getting the right answer. It is a safe time to make our best guess. Alternatively, we can solve the question by using our knowledge of circle formulas and angles. We are told that the larger circle has a circumference of 36 and we know that, to find the circumference of a circle, we use the formula: $c =À2r$ If the circumference is 36, then the radius must be $36/2 = 18$ This means that the radius of the smaller circle (which we were told is half the radius of the larger) must be 9. Now, to find the circumference of an arc, we use the formula: $c_{arc} =À2r(\angle/360)$ $18(80/360)$ $4$ Our final answer is D, 4. 3) We know that the area of a triangle is: $a = {1/2}bh$ Imagine, then, that we are working with a right triangle. This way, we can use one of our leg measures as our height to get our maximum area. We also know that the hypotenuse of a right triangle will be the side opposite the 90 degree angle. So if 10 is the longest side (the hypotenuse), the base or the height would have to be smaller. If, however, 10 acted as either the base or the height, the 7 would act as the other piece. This would mean our area was: $a = {1/2}(10)(7)$ $a = 35$ The largest possible area for our triangle is 35. Our final answer is C, 35. 4) For this problem, let us first fill in our given information. Now, we know that triangle APC is a right triangle, which means we can use either the Pythagorean Theorem (or our triangle shortcuts) to find the length of AP. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ $a^2 + 3^2 = 5^2$ $a^2 + 9 = 25$ $a^2 = 16$ $a = 4$ AP = 4 Now triangle ABP is also a right triangle, because it is connected on a line to the right triangle APC. In other words, angles BPA and APC are supplementary. This means we can find the measure of leg BA by using the Pythagorean Theorem one more time. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ $(4√3)^2 + 4^2 = c^2$ $16(3) + 16 = c^2$ $48 + 16 = c^2$ $64 = c^2$ $c = 8$ BA = 8. Our final answer is 8. You did it! It's done, yay! Image: Travis Nep Smith/Flickr The Take-Aways Don’t underestimate the value of needing to both know and understand your SAT formulas, but don’t get too fixated on them either. Though problems that require formulas account for 20-25% of your overall SAT math questions, that still leaves 75-80% of all SAT math questions that DON’T require formulas at all. So make sure that you know your formulas, but don’t think that knowing your formulas is the only hurdle to pass to do well on your SAT math test. Formula knowledge is just one step (though an important step) for doing well on the SAT math section as a whole. But a knowledge of your formulas, a balanced study plan, and a brush-up on any SAT math topic in which you might be rusty will definitely help get you to get where you need to be by test-day. What’s Next? Need to brush up on a particular SAT math topic?Check out ourindividual math topic guidesfor all your SAT math needs. Running out of time on the SAT math section?We'll show youhow to beat the clock and maximize your scorebefore time runs out. Been procrastinating in your SAT math study?Our guide willhelp you balance out your study time and beat back the urge to procrastinate. Aiming for a perfect score?Check out ourguide to getting an 800 on the SAT math section, written by a perfect-scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. 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Sunday, October 20, 2019
Criticizing Kants Argument for Purposeful Reason essays
Criticizing Kants Argument for Purposeful Reason essays In the preface of Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant declares that all moral philosophy rests entirely on its pure parts. With this premise, an acknowledgment that he is unconcerned with a teleological approach to morality, Kant tethers the moral philosophy he is about to erect. I will begin by outlining what Kant means when he states that moral philosophy is based in something pure by examining what the concept of purity signifies in terms of morality and why Kant argues on its behalf. From there I will briefly summarize the form of moral philosophy Kant believes will arise from this pure grounding, the categorical imperative. Through a critical examination of the role of reason and the concept of purpose in linking the realm of human experience and the pure metaphysics of morals, I will argue that Kants moral philosophy lacks a motivator for human participation and is subsequently unlikely to be a practical philosophy. For Kant, moral philosophy is a type of rational knowledge. Knowledge can be divided into two general categories: formal philosophy and material philosophy. The former is concerned with universal rules of thought or logic, while the latter pertains to objects and the laws governing them. Material philosophy can be further divided into laws of nature and laws of freedom which are called physics and ethics, respectively. These two branches of material philosophy are subject to a final division. Each may be either empirical, based on experience, or pure, founded entirely on a priori principles. In the case of ethics the empirical branch is called anthropology while the pure is the metaphysics of morals. Kants moral philosophy is based in metaphysics of morals, knowledge of the pure, and a priori laws of freedom that pertain to objects completely unmitigated by empirical concerns. Moral philosophy according to Kant must be based on pure, a priori concepts entir...
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Science and Technology as the Engine of Economic Growth and Essay
Science and Technology as the Engine of Economic Growth and Development - Essay Example The creation of factories and new mills heralded increased opportunities for employment of ordinary working people and hence was largely, responsible for the rise of modern cities. Manchester was arguably the world’s first industrial city. In spite of the fact that Industrialization led to the population rise due to unprecedented reduction in the infant mortality rate the childhood surviving conditions did not improve (Mabel,1926).There was limited scope of education, and many children were forced to work at very low wages and harsh conditions. Eventually, being opposed to the child labor, many reform acts were framed by the government to stop exploitation of the working class. B. The period of Industrial Revolution witnessed the victory of middle class industrialists and businessman over the feudalists. Moreover, the scientific Revolution of 17th century resulted in development of international trade and creation of financial markets enhancing accumulation of capital. People started thinking to raise income and earn profits by entering into new privately owned business and professions. The advancements in mechanization of agriculture, factory system of manufacturing with powerful machines characterized by division of labor marked a global acceptance to the capitalist mode of production commonly known as Capitalism. (Burnham, 2003). C. The advent of industrial capitalism especially in the 19th century widened the socioeconomic gap between the working class and the industrialists. Unfair distribution of wealth and power, entrepreneurs’ tendency toward market monopoly; economic instability, unemployment and various forms of cultural exploitation were other connected issues that eventually led to the transformation of capitalism to communism (skilling, 435-451). 1. Capitalism is an economic system where the means of production and profit earned remained in the hands of private owners.
Friday, October 18, 2019
Health Care Management and Obama health care reform Essay
Health Care Management and Obama health care reform - Essay Example Health insurance and public health have been in the front line in this kind of debates as well as to what extent should the state offer assistance. Provision of healthcare is a task that encompasses provision of various healthcare services, relevant equipments to hospitals, pharmaceutical products, life sciences funding and funding in biotechnology (Reid 2009). The activities that relate to healthcare and the centers where this is carried out include hospitals, nursing and elderly homes, those involved in provision of healthcare plans, provision of laboratory services, drug manufacturing and delivery, diagnostic substances and biotechnology itself. Therefore, this is a line that requires care to handle in the case of governments as it is a resource intensive sector. This also shows how the introduction as well as implementation of reforms can be quite a task as the stakeholders involved are many resulting to many and divergent views (McGreal 2010). This is what characterized the heal thcare reforms bill that Obama administration brought forth. The above is not a case whose debate came with the Obama administration but rather has been with the American administrations for years now (The Economist 2008). It is on record that the issue and debates on healthcare management and reform begun well at the onset of the twentieth century and to date is an issue still attractive much public debate. It is therefore important before analyzing the current Obama administration’s reforms to look into the past in order to see why this issue has not faded away for all these years. The first recorded debate on healthcare and social welfare intervention by the US dates back in the 1854 where there was a proposed bill that aimed at cautioning the physically challenged and offering them asylums. The bill was quite popular in those day’s standards and had even passed in congress until the president vetoed it. It was rejected by President Pierce on the grounds that it was not
Managing non governmental organizations. ,,Once inside a war zone, Essay
Managing non governmental organizations. ,,Once inside a war zone, it's essential to have a blind spot for matters of ethics ( Polman, 2010,p 91) Discuss - Essay Example In addition, NGOs operating in different countries are required to follow certain ethical standards. Such standards include not participating in political activities within the countries they operate or any other engagement that contravenes the ethical codes in providing humanitarian services globally. In most cases, the activities that NGOs participate in terms of controlling civil wars are wide and varied. Most NGOs are often called upon to offer their services in post war conflict. The services they provide may involve demobilizing soldiers, providing humanitarian services to the population and encouraging other rehabilitation activities for the civilians (Zaum 2009, p. 22). The number of international organizations offering humanitarian services has continued to grow and today there are more than 4,000 international NGOs providing their services to war-torn countries globally. NGOs are an integral part of the effort to reconstruct the war-torn countries. They are able to provide services such as relief food, healthcare, potable water and education. In addition, NGOs operating in conflict zones have done a tremendous work in terms of alleviating the suffering of civilians caught in the war. These organizations also help to prevent the violations of human rights within the war zones. However, it has to be realized that the presence of international NGOs in the warzones also presents some dark sides (Zaum 2009, p. 28). This involves criticism that emanate from the fact that some NGOs have a role in extending conflicts by enhancing the war economy. Unethical engagements involve legitimizing warlords that can occur as a result of accepting to negotiate with these warlords. The NGOs across international borders are also accused of demeaning local population’s capacity to deal with conflicts independently (Zaum 2009, p. 32). In essence,
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Human Resource Management & Organisational analysis MSc Personal Statement
Human Resource Management & Organisational analysis MSc - Personal Statement Example My goal is to practice the best Human Resource in the organizations I will work for. I am a graduate from Hult International Business School in London where I studied Bachelor of International Business Administration and specialized in Management. I have worked in the bank of Respublika as an accounting specialist and I enjoyed my role as I got to interact with customers and making transactions for them. I have also worked for Look magazine in the UK and I was glad to share ideas on how to redo their Website and journal to make accessibility for customers easy as well as sharing ideas on how to increase profits. I trust that my decision to purse the course in King’s College is one of best decisions I have made in my life. This is because of professional lecturers, state of art equipments, the conducive learning environment, and the good reputation of the institution. I am confident that as I undertake the course in King’s College, I will accomplish my goals and I will be in a better position to face the Human Resource practices in any organization. I intend to work hard and in the end achieve the best results and be marketable
The Effects of The American Civil War Research Paper
The Effects of The American Civil War - Research Paper Example For four consecutive years, the confederate soldiers fought and battled with the union soldiers. The war that is regarded as the bloodiest war in the history of America cannot be swept under the carpet. The depth of loss was felt by both these two sides. The loss of lives and the destroyed infrastructure took the United States several steps back. The immense and sheer number of deaths and tragedy that was brought by the civil war remains as a constant reminder to the American people as a profound insight of the past that they have seen. The economic, psychological and social impacts of the war went on to redefine what the future of the American people.Proclaiming the freedom of slaves and creating national unity was the hardest role that the American government had to play after the recovery from war. A more detailed analysis of the American civil war points to the start of the war being at the 1860 presidential election. The republicans who were led by Abraham Lincoln were not for t he idea of expansion of slavery into the United States territories. After the republicans won and their anti-slavery campaign looked as though it would be successful, seven slave states that were being run of cotton based economies came together right before the inauguration of the president and formed a confederacy that would fight against the anti- slavery campaign. The confederacy was mainly against the idea of the fact that their source of labor for their cotton plantations would have to be paid for (Parish, p. 103).
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Human Resource Management & Organisational analysis MSc Personal Statement
Human Resource Management & Organisational analysis MSc - Personal Statement Example My goal is to practice the best Human Resource in the organizations I will work for. I am a graduate from Hult International Business School in London where I studied Bachelor of International Business Administration and specialized in Management. I have worked in the bank of Respublika as an accounting specialist and I enjoyed my role as I got to interact with customers and making transactions for them. I have also worked for Look magazine in the UK and I was glad to share ideas on how to redo their Website and journal to make accessibility for customers easy as well as sharing ideas on how to increase profits. I trust that my decision to purse the course in King’s College is one of best decisions I have made in my life. This is because of professional lecturers, state of art equipments, the conducive learning environment, and the good reputation of the institution. I am confident that as I undertake the course in King’s College, I will accomplish my goals and I will be in a better position to face the Human Resource practices in any organization. I intend to work hard and in the end achieve the best results and be marketable
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Is Internet Addiction Real Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Is Internet Addiction Real - Essay Example Statistics further show that persons between the ages 19-29 cover has a high percentage of users an approximate of 91%. The time spent on the internet keeps increasing. Experts argue that time spent on the internet is a problem even in the workplaces workers tend to create time for internet surfing. The society is being warned for the rise in this issue because the children in their effort to learn computer skills are also exploring the internet. In view of all this, are people addicted to the internet? Experts describe the internet to be as destructive as drug craving and alcoholism. Yes, people have an addiction to the internet, however, to some it is a matter of choice, and this depends on an individual’s choice on how to utilize his extra time. The press has made many stories on the online situation; DeAngelis describes some of these stories, which include men fascinated by online pornography other stories that make headlines are women who abandon their families for online affairs, and people wasting their money on online gambling (DeAngelis 24). The attraction to the internet has led to pitiful situations such as problems in marriages work and even in social settings. However, researchers state that the problems caused by the internet are avoidable, but it depends on the user who if he or she desires can control the use of the internet. According to DeAngelis most of the internet addicts stated that they use the internet to regulate their mood. They also stated that once they were on the net they did lose control. In relation to the greater issue is that a 2010 report showed that the American kids face an obsession with the internet and the various forms of entertainment media. The estimates show that kids ranging from 8-18 years devoted an average of 53 hours a week to the use of the internet. It this devotion was for educational matters then there would be no problem. However, this time is spent on social networks and entertainment sites. The risk is that the network when, not under observation the children explore all sources of information which is unhealthy for these kids. Etengoff reports that 3 out of 10 children state that their parents restrict their use of the internet, watching TV and playing video games. Research proves that both men and women can fall addicts into internet use. Experts show that men and women get attracted to sites that fit behavioural typecast of their own sex. Men get attracted to sites that offer them sexual fantasies, whereas women become addicts to sites that offer them relationships and an area where they can interact. However, Isaac does differ with the issue of addiction he states that addiction is a matter of choice and people have the ability to chose not to become slaves to the internet. Isaac states that most people indulge on the internet due to, and idleness he gives a situation where one can use the time spent on chat rooms and social networks to make some money (DeAngelis 24). Acco rding to Isaac, if people took their job seriously and restricted themselves from surfing then the issue of addiction would not be an issue. He also thinks the choice is a critical part of trying to avoid falling to addiction to the internet. This is possible by avoiding spending free times on the internet. If one uses the internet as an escape to boredom or loneliness, then it is high time to choose a different activity that does not involve the internet.
Internship Report Format Essay Example for Free
Internship Report Format Essay Internship (Industrial Training) Report: An internship report is an organization study, a case study or a survey of an organization. The students are expected to make factual observation about functioning of an organization. The study is organization specific done by a student. The students are expected to study the whole organization or a wing of the organization (if the organization is of giant size). It is compulsory for the students to take up assignments or tasks (Project) given by the organization during their study period. Objective: To apprise students of the functioning of an organization. Submission of the Internship Report The internship report (Final- 3 hard bound copy and a soft copy) should be submitted Time Frame : 6 weeks Presentation and Viva The internship (industrial training) report will be evaluated by a team consisting of faculty members from the institute and the University department. The break up of marks is: a. Industrial Training report Evaluation 25 Marks b. Viva Voce 25 Marks Total 50 Marks Internship Report Format Purpose: To study Organizational activities in all functional areas and relate this to theoretical knowledge acquired and also to work on a project in one of the functional areas. Contents 1. Preliminary pages ââ€" ª Title Page (cover page and inside first page) ââ€" ª Declaration (By the student) ââ€" ª Certificate (Principal of the college On the letterhead) ââ€" ª Certificate (Faculty Guide in the College On the letterhead of the College) ââ€" ª Certificate (Organizational Guide on the letterhead of the Organization) ââ€" ª Acknowledgement ââ€" ª Contents ââ€" ª List of tables ââ€" ª List of charts / graphs 2. Executive Summary (Should contain summary of part A Part B in 2-3 pages) PART â€Å"A: Organizational Study 3. Chapter One Industry Profile Industry scenario with the various players details 4. Chapter Two Company Profile Details of the organization including the organization structure, A wards Certifications, SWOT analysis /Vision, Mission, Goals and objectives ,Markets present, market share, financials, Details of their products, Details of the various departments they have (Functional areas/Divisions) like ââ€" ª People ââ€" ª Policies ââ€" ª Systems and procedures ââ€" ª Problems if any Suggestions/Recommendations ( if any). PART â€Å"B: Study of the Problem / Issue 4. Chapter THREE Research Design †¢Statement of the Problem †¢Title of the project/study †¢Objectives of the Study †¢Scope of the study †¢Operational Definitions †¢Research Methodology 1. Sources of Data (Primary Secondary) 2. Research Method or type of study (Descriptive/Exploratory/ Experimental) 3. Sampling Plan (Sampling Unit, Sample size, Sampling Method) 4. Contact Method (Personal interview- Prior Appointment/Intercept / Mail / Telephone) 5. Data Collection Method (Questionnaire, Mechanical Devices) (ie., Research Instrument used). 6. Limitations of the Study 5.Chapter FOUR Data Analysis 6.Chapter FIVE Findings. Recommendations/Suggestions, Conclusion 7.My Learning 8.Bibliography (Don’t put chapter and page no. for this) The list of Books referred -Author, Title, edition, Publisher, Year of Publication and ISBN number. The list of Journals / Magazines etc referred Name of the journal/magazine, Publishing house, year/month of issue and article referred with the name(s) of the author of the article, and Page Numbers The list of the web sites (Not Search Engines) browsed The newspapers referred with Name of the Newspaper, edition and date of issue, the article title and the name of the person(s) who wrote the article. The names of the internal/private circulation material of any organization etc with details of it 9. Annexure (Don’t put chapter and page no. for this) Questionnaire, Interview Schedule, Financial Statements, Analysis sheets etc., Report: †¢ The report should be around 100 pages excluding the initial pages (certificates, declaration, contents) †¢ Spell check and grammar check to be made by the student before the final print is Taken. †¢ Both sides justification for all the pages †¢ Hard bound with Sky Blue Colour Cover. †¢ Font Size 12 for text/14 for headings Subheadings. †¢ 1.5 line spacing †¢ A4 Size Executive Bond Paper. †¢ Font style: Times New Roman / Arial. †¢ Foot notes-End of each chapter †¢ References at the end of each chapter
Monday, October 14, 2019
Impact Of Cultural Revolution On Fashion Designers Cultural Studies Essay
Impact Of Cultural Revolution On Fashion Designers Cultural Studies Essay To what extent did the Cultural Revolution impact designers Vivienne Tam and Han Feng and how did it affect their work? Background In 1949, after several decades of foreign aggression and civil war, the Communists took control of China and Mao ZeDong assumed power in the country. At the ceremony in Tiananmen that proclaimed the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, he began his long term of office wearing what was to become know in the West as the Mao suit. This was symbolic in signaling the inauguration of not only a social but also sartorial revolution. The years following the establishment of the PRC were a time of consolidation, reconstruction and reform. The communists believed in the power of mass movements, seen as a necessity to maintain revolutionary spirit and these took place frequently, eventually culminating in the ferment of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. During the 10 years from 1966 to 1976, the Communist Party attempted to politicize every facet of life and anything that might be regarded as bourgeois or counter-revolutionary was severely repressed. The Red Guards, essentially the shock troops of the Cultural Revolution, were instructed to attack elements of old China; old customs, old habits, old culture and old thinking. Clothes were highly visible in all four categories and, inevitably, fashion was highly liable to attack. Contemporary fashion was attacked as foreign and traditional clothing as feudal and in general a concern with personal appearance was interpreted as an expression of bourgeois tendencies and extreme individualism. Indeed, one of many accounts describes the humiliation of a young woman seized by the Red Guards who forcibly removed her fashionable trousers and shoes in front of a jeering crowd and illustrates the sartorial terrorism which was common throughout China during the Cultural Revolution. It was therefore tacitly understood that dressing in a simple proletarian way was the appropriate order of the day. The government encouraged people to adopt the attire of the workers, peasants and soldiers who were regarded as the ultimate benefactors of the socialist state. The uniform of the Peoples Liberation Army was of green cotton cloth, civilian cadres wore a grey administrative uniform and workers and peasants were clad in dark blue tunics and trousers. What therefore resulted from the mass adoption of the new socially acceptable attire was a spectacle of blue, green and grey. A spectacle that both Vivienne Tam and Han Feng vividly remember. Introduction Both Vivienne Tam and Han Feng were born at the height of communist power in China and albeit in different ways, they both lived through and were influenced by the Cultural Revolution. Their individual experiences shaped their attitudes towards fashion and they are now prominent designers, recognized wordwide as well as in China. Description of Han Feng and Vivienne Tam How their lives are different: Vivienne does not live in China during the Revolution; Han Feng does Vivienne exploits Mao cult, imagery, symbolism; Han Feng opposes it completely Vivienne escapes to HongKong, remains in Chinese spectrum; Han Feng leaves to US (abandons home country completely paralleled in the abandonment of everything Communist China represented. In common: Theatrical and artistic approach, not only fashion approach Vivienne Tam Vivienne Tam was born in Guangzhou in 1957. Her father was a landlord and as the PRC was striving to eliminate private ownership, landlords were accused of exploiting people for their own profit and were thus targeted for being insufficiently devoted to state directed socialism. Tams family found themselves in a vulnerable position and as she recalls It was a really difficult time. They therefore fled to the Hong Kong, escaping the threatening Communist doctrine. Tam was left behind with her grandparents until she was three years old when she was finally able to join them helped by a couple who told authorities she was their daughter. While living in Hong Kong she was able to maintain a Chinese lifestyle while being open to the rest of the world. Hong Kong was a thriving British colony and trade center and while she continued to speak Chinese at home and followed Buddhist religious rituals she attended a Roman catholic school and began to learn English in earnest. It was this opportunity of having a bi-cultural upbringing and a hybrid way of life which not only fueled her fascination for the East meets West nuance but also taught her to be more open and accept other people and other cultures. Meanwhile, mainland China under the Cultural Revolution was not only shutting out Western culture but also Chinese culture itself, deeming it bourgeois and anti-communist. Much that was lost to the revolution in China continued to grow and develop in Hong Kong and this offered Tam a freedom of inspiration. As a fashion design student of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, she was able to absorb the Western influence present in Hong Kong and at the same time freely investigate her Chinese cultural and sartorial heritage, an exploration which meanwhile was strictly forbidden to students in mainland China. As students in China lived under extreme repression, Tam experienced the Cultural Revolution as an observer, acknowledging the hardships but not being directly affected by them. This freedom from repression shaped her approach to seeking inspiration from the Cultural Revolution. Indeed, when she returned to visit China in the late 70s to early 80s, she experienced China almost as a tourist would. She was fascinated rather than dismayed by the blur of green and blue that surrounded her and was intrigued with Mao fashion- or anti-fashion- of putting everyone in a uniform and trying to make them equal- an attempt to cover up very real differences. She even admired the loose but tailored cut of the Mao suit and its unisex appeal; it highlighted the communist principle that men and women were equal and offered women freedom in physical movement. She noticed that this element of practicality had replaced fashion; window displays were filled with practical things instead of fashion, and she therefore ventured into the arts and crafts and home and furnishing sections of stores where she found inspiration and sources for her materials in such textiles as bedroom linens, bedspreads and towels. However, what struck her most from her experience visiting China and ultimately inspired her to create her most controversial collection was the remarkable power of Maos image. During the Cultural Revolution, portraits of Mao were ubiquitous; they hung in every living room, class room and office and Chinese people all owned Mao badges, mirrors, weavings and needlepoint works and fostered what became a cult of personality that did not immediately end with his death. People valued these items as good luck charms and Mao was effectively venerated like a God, complete with a halo. Tam was absorbed by all these style elements left from the Mao cult and collected such vintage items as inspiration. In 1994, Tam was introduced to artist Zhang Hongtu, the first artist to use Maos image in his work. She was inspired by his background and the concepts behind his work and collaborated with him to create her Mao Collection for Spring 1995. It is interesting to note their individual approaches to the project. Zhang Hongtu was born in Gansu province, attended highschool in Beijing during the sixties and later trained at the Central Academy of Arts and Crafts. He left to New York in the early 80s and, having experienced the intensity of Communist indoctrination and the overwhelming power of Maos image, began painting Mao in only a lightly humourous way, separating the image from its political undertone. It was only after the 1989 Tiananmen events that, albeit having to overcome initial strong feelings of guilt, he decided to exploit Maos image as mental therapy and as a way of expressing his own political feelings. It was an ironic reversal of the way he, as an artist, had been exploited to create propaganda art for the government. Tam sensed this political resonance in his work but instead chose to focus on its humouros element, aiming to loosen it up by amalgamating it with fashion. While Zhang Hongtu was directly responding to a need to get away from the shadow of Maos repression, escaping the authority of his image and being able to express himself politically, Tam saw the power of image and exploited it humorously as a representation of the new openness of China, using humour and warmth as a way to express the growing freedom of the Chinese people from Maos image. This highlights her inherent detachment to the emotional hardship behind the Cultural Revolution that artists who grew up under its repression feel. Tam, perhaps as a result of this detachment and thus not quite grasping the extent of the power that still lay behind Maos image, was even surprised by the strong reaction that the collection provoked. The collection comprised of 8 images of Mao; 6 of which included Mao So Young- with pigtails, a peterpan collar and gingham dress, Ow Mao- cross eyed with a bee perched on his nose against a black and yellow striped background, Holy Mao- with a clerical collar, Psycho Mao- with dark hypnotic glasses, Miss Mao- with lipstick and Nice Day Mao- as a smiley face. She printed four coloured images in a checkboard pattern, reflecting Maos changeable character and, in another design, expressed his positive and negative effects, printing the images in black and white. She also printed the images on T-shirts, deepening the texture with patterns and sequins to make the designs alive with movement and light. The striking juxtaposition of colours and textures with Maos political imagery and the resulting strongly humorous element in the designs was highly controversial, some responding to it as almost blasphemous while others deemed it tasteless. The images were compared to Warhols depiction of Mao, but, while Warhol had used the image of Mao as merely another mass icon like Marilyn Monroe, Tam and Hongtu had exploited it as a political figure which thus prompted the reaction If Mao was a dictator like Hitler or Stalin, how can it be okay to use his image as pop art? Isnt it tasteless to make fun of the suffering they caused? Tam and Hongtu contended that it was a form of critisicm to the continuing use of Maos ideology, image and flag in China and a way to further undermine the authority of Maos image; any use of Maos image which makes him less godlike, is a form of criticism. And its necessary. Yet Tam admitted that she had no idea there would be a strong reaction to the designs and it was observing the attitude towards the collection that enabled her to gain a lot of insight into Mao and his power. Han Feng Han Feng was born in Nan Jing in 1962. I grew up during the Cultural Revolution and it was difficult she explains and when she was 1 year old, authorities sent her father to another city and her parents were forced to separate. Her father hung himself and later another man she was close to also commited suicide during the Cultural Revolution. She grew up in HangZhou, Chinas artistic center, and, pursuing her childhood flair for creativity, she attended the China Academy of Fine Arts, training in graphic design as there were no fashion design programs. I started out painting how my teachers wanted me to she recalls, but then I became this crazy person who wanted to be different. It was no doubt having to endure the imposed Maoist dress code and how it stifled non-conformity which fueled Hans determination to distinguish herself; I got a T-shirt and jeans and grew my hair long so I would stand out and she gained a reputation in the academy as being a bit of a blacksheep due to her desire for experimentation and refusal to merely copy what had been done before; I wanted to learn, not copy. My teachers didnt understand that. Communist indoctrination was such that expanding creative horizons was virtually impossible. She was one of many who wished to escape the stifling repression of the tight grip maintained by the Communist Party on creative expression; We all wanted to leave China in the 1980s because there was too much pain. She met her husband who was an English teacher of the art academy, and, seeking freedom and a larger stage for her interests, she moved to New York with him in 1985. Leaving China was symbolic in asserting the approach she would take towards designing abroad; I thought, God, the Chinese-who cares? I am from China. I want to forget where Im coming, forget my past. Its just too painful to remember. The pain and struggle that characterized Hans experience of the Cultural Revolution not only determined her to leave China, but also inspired her to create designs that (whether intentionally or subconsciously) completely opposed all the elements of Maoist style, perhaps as a personal provocation and rebellion against everything it had tried to impose. When I left China she explains, everyone was wearing exactly the same thing. And it was grey. It is no coincidence that her designs are now widely recognized for their rich and innovative use of colour and that she is credited one of the most brilliant colorists in the New York fashion world. After having been limited to blue, black and red dyes which were the only ones available in dyeing shops in China during the Cultural Revolution (Antonia Finanne, 237), Han now embraces the freedom of using vibrant colours; I love designing with pure, bright colors because I didnt experience them as a child she says. Red is particularly prominent in her pallet, varying in geranium to cerise shades, as are green and blue shades of chartreuse and lime to lapis and turquoise. Her collections combine colors in subtle ways highlighted in items mixing burgundy with fuschia or pairing the different shades of green or blue, often placing paler colours alongside more intense ones for artistic effect. In addition to her use of colours, Han Feng is also known for her creative treatment of fabrics and her designs are equally characterized by their materials. Escaping the drab conformity imposed by Communist Doctrine, Han Feng reversed the changes that the Cultural Revolution had forced upon the use of fabrics in China. Chinese people had been obliged to abandon traditional Chinese fabrics such as silk and satin which, according to the Doctrine, carried a strong feudalistic connotation, and were required to adopt revolutionary cotton or patriotic wool.(Hua Mei, 98) Instead, Han Feng abandoned the bland cotton and crude wool that characterized Maoist style and zealously explored the realm of fabrics and materials that was newly available to her. Perhaps as a result of growing up in Hang Zhou, a city which had been reputed for its silk trade, she developed a keen appreciation for silk, wistfully reviving it as the fabric of her heritage. This passionate exploration and revival of fabrics and materials is clearly expressed in her collections. She works with a diverse array of materials including silk (occasionally blended with wool), organza, velvet, satin, stretch chiffon and fine polyester. These light, pliant and diaphanous fabrics which characterize her collections certainly contrast with the coarse thickness of the cotton and crude wool which she had no choice but to wear when living in China. Yet her endeavor went further then just exploring fabrics. What sparked her interest were the ways in which she could treat and manipulate the fabrics creating different textures and styles, once again delving into a creative realm which had been restricted during the Cultural Revolution. The uniformity of the Mao suit was constrained to straight ironed cotton, occasionally padded or patched, and did not allow for ruffles or any such touches of originality. It was shapeless, defined only by the square, linear attribute of the typical uniform. The description of Hans collection of 1993 in the New York times, best signaled her approach to investigating materials; She pleats fabrics into gnat-sized accordions: the tiny folds in the fabrics give drama to even the plainest polyester georgette. Her chiffon A-line dresses were cut in spirals, like orange peels. Velvet was crinkled and pleated to make a simple tank dress fit for the wedding of a barefoot contessa. Indeed, the transformation she underwent as she explored and discovered new ways of using materials is clear in the development of her designs, in particular that of her signature scarves. While she had initially launched her career in selling pleated scarves, her collection of scarves are now paisley, plaid, fringed, crinkled, embroidered and featuring colorful woven ribbon inserts; techniques that she then applied to other clothing designs. Her Spring/Summer 2001 collection highlighted her accordion-pleated skirts and crinkled silk blouses printed with impressionistic floral patterns. Han also styles fabrics in a distinctly original way, rejecting conventional tailoring and, perhaps paralleling her appreciation of the enveloping quality of scarves, she focuses on creating clothes which wrap and veil, assembling the garment as a light sculpture on the body. This quality has been admired and her clothing has been described to wrap the body as the clouds enclose a mountain. Her collections have often been defined by the way she drapes soft jerseys and chiffons and folds back the fabric as well as by the untailored loose panels of fabric floating from the backs of dresses, uneven hems and asymmetric cuts. What emerges as a result of the blending of diaphanous fabrics, textures and colours, untailored and wrapped around the body is a light, weightless and dreamily feminine appeal. This quality is perhaps what most manifestly contradicts Maoist uniform and its fundamental principle of de-feminizing women. While the squarely tailored Mao suit was specifically designed and imposed on women to conceal their curves and natural movements, Han strives to create clothes which accommodate and embrace them. She maintains that women should enjoy their bodies more and not try to hide themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the body is beautiful. She thus takes pleasure inplaying with shape and making women look more feminine in a subtle way. Her 1995 fall collection, for instance, was based on curves; curved seams that bring the jackets close to the body, curved collars that frame the neck, curved backs that give a cocoon-like shape to pleated silk evening jackets or velvet coats. Emphasizing the reassertion of feminity in her style, she complements her outfits with accessories including scarves, gloves and hair ornaments. While accessories during the Cultural Revolution were limited to Red Guard armbands, army caps, Mao badges and his little red book, Hans collections feature trimmed iridescent shawls with gilded tassels, black wool gloves weaved with rows of pink bows and polytail holders linked with velvet buttons. She even makes this twist literal in her 1999 collection; one item is a high-collared Chairman Mao jacket accented with a chinchilla scarf, a subtly controversial pairing of the strict suit with the elegant touch. With the revival of feminine allure comes the emotional feeling of her clothes. Although her designs remain simple and practical, their unparalled inventiveness and originality hold a hint of haiku-like poetry, highlighting her romantic vision. In fact her fall/winter 1998 collection was inspired by the story of a love affair between a fabric trader and a young woman along the silk road to China. No doubt she was enthused by the controversial appeal of the story, exploring its romanticism and creating a more emotional collection; emotion being an element which was wholly non-existent in the cold, military allure of the Mao suit. She later skillfully accentuated the emotional and dramatic aspect of her designs to the height of theatrical flair, leading to her debut as a costume designer and ultimately her success in designing costumes for director Anthony Minghellas English National Opera production of Madame Butterfly. 1980s onwards Mao Zedongs death in 1976 brought an end to the Cultural Revolution. Later that year, the downfall of the Gang of Four, including Maos widow Jiang Qing who had implemented the most extreme policies, led to a slow loosening of laws related to dress and social constraints. In 1984, under Deng Xiaopings leadership and the open door policy of reform, certain cities were designated open as part of a new strategy inviting foreign investment. In October 21, 1984, Hu Yaobang, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, appeared on television at a meeting of the Central Committee wearing a dark-blue western style suit. Although his move was possible because of the more relaxed atmosphere following the ascendancy to power of Deng Xiaoping, he was still making a bold sartorial statement. While both Vivienne Tam and Han Feng were able to escape the confines of Communist indoctrination and establish themselves as designers in New York, they left a China that was struggling to reassert itself within the international political stage and the global economy. This struggle was (and still is) reflected in the clumsy approach people began to take to new fashions and Western styles entering China; Tam herself commented that their style was borderline bad taste and hip because they were borderline Cultural Revolution and Western modernity. Unavoidably the new danger to Chinas sartorial identity is the influx of Western brands which are threatening to create yet another type conformity and as Tam rightly observes American influence is diluting the distinctive flavor of Chinas fashion industry. Both Tam and Han Feng are now challenging the dominance of mass produced Western brands in China. Having experienced the Cultural Revolution, they do not want to see the uniformity of the Mao era simply transgress into a new Western uniformity. What they therefore want to highlight is the importance of maintaining imagination and individuality;Everything we do should express feelings and experiences. We should create not just follow fashion. Each fashion designer should have his or her signature style. While acknowledging the need for recovering individuality in China, they are both optimistic in Chinas potential; it is growing, fashion here will soon have its own personality; We had great fashion for thousands of years, then no fashion at all. Now we are finding our contemporary design voice.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Message in a Bottle :: essays papers
Message in a Bottle Rolling waves gently brushed upon the sand and nipped softly at my toes. I gazed out into the oblivion of blue hue that lay before me. I stared hopefully at sun-filled sky, but I couldn’t help but wonder how I was going to get through the day. Honestly, I never thought in a million years that my daughter and I would be homeless. Oh, how I yearned for our house in the suburbs. A pain wrenched at my heart when I was once reminded again of my beloved husband, Peter. I missed him so much and couldn’t help but ask God why he was taken from us. Living underneath Pier 14 was no life for Emily and me. I had to get us out of here and back on our feet. My stomach moaned angrily. I needed to somehow find food for us, but how? Suddenly, something slimy brushed up against my leg and pierced my thoughts. I jumped back and brushed the residue of sand of my legs. What was that? As my eyes skimmed the water in front of me, I noticed something spinning in the foam of the waves. Curi osity got the best of me and I went over to take a closer look. The object danced in the waves and eventually was coughed out onto the beach. â€Å"Emily!†I called to my eight-year-old daughter who was, at that time, infatuated with a seashell that she found earlier that day. â€Å"Come here and see this! Mommy found something.†Although I had no idea what that something was and I definitely didn’t know it would change my life forever. â€Å"What did you find, Mommy? Is it food?†Emily came running down from the pier to see my finding. â€Å"Oh honey,†I answered, sadly acknowledging my daughter’s hunger, â€Å" I wish it was. Actually, I’m not quite sure what it is. Help me clean it off, will you?†Emily and I began scrubbing the dilapidated, seaweed covered object in the warm waves of the Atlantic. â€Å"Wow, That’s not at all I expected.†I answered as I rolled an old bottle in the water. â€Å"At least we can get some money for this at the recycling center. Not much, but if we collect enough bottles we could get some lunch!†I looked hopelessly at the bottle.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Macbeth - Murder At Inverness Castle :: essays research papers
On Macbeth’s day of success he was greeted by three weird sisters, the witches, and in turn they said, the first witch to him, all hail to the thane of Gladis, this came as no surprise to him as he already held this title, the second witch then said to him, all hail thane of Cawdor, this interested him, he wondered why would he be made thane of Cawdor when the current thane of Cawdor was a noble gentleman, then came the turn of the third and ultimate witch, she said to Machbeth, all hail to the King, at this instant Machbeth was fascinated he was immediately over come with his ambition to become the King of Scotland. The three weird sisters left. A matter of seconds later Macbeth was told that he was to be thane of Cawdor, Macbeth now realised that the next prophecy was him becoming king. Next he is told by the king that he will be staying In his castle Duncan the King was to stay in Machbeth’s castle, was this a sign set up by the witches, Macbeth was either to wait u ntil Duncan died naturally or was he to kill him. Machbeth wrote a letter to his wife, lady Macbeth to tell her of the happenings on his day of success, now lady Macbeth realised what must be done, that when Duncan came that night he was to be killed and she would be made queen, Queen of Scotland. At this point lady Macbeth uses the comparison of the raven the bird of darkness, of death and of hell. At this point lady Macbeth speaks to the spirits of the witches, In her famous un-sex me speech, she asks the witches that for one night to take all her feminine qualities such as remorse compassion regret and sorrow, she says, come to my woman’s breasts and take my milk for gall, she does not even want the female quality to be able to give milk, because she feels that a woman does not have the ability to kill an innocent man, she wants all her qualities which will dis able her to kill Duncan taken from her. Now Macbeth returns to greet his wife, Lady Macbeth tells him Duncan comes here to night and explains that he must die and they were to kill him, She tells him to look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under, meaning to kill Duncan and take pleasure from it, stab him when he is already dead, but when the body is found act astonished like it suprises you and disgusts you.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Community Memorial Hospital
As the Chief Financial Officer of Community Memorial Hospital, I realize that it is important for all individuals to get the full benefits of their insurance and to be able to get their claims processed in a timely fashion. I also realize the importance of the community patients and our employees benefiting from their health plans. The recent signing of the contract with MegaPlan Health is of great concern and worry. The cut-throat tactics, negotiation tactics, and claims processing fights of MegaPlan Health are known throughout the hospital world.The signing of this contract will not be favorable with many of the employees. For the employees to continue to use the services provided by Community Memorial Hospital, it is imperative that we become a part of the Preferred Provider Network (PPN) or risk losing employees as patients as well as members of the community. I think the advice of CEO Katrina Eaton and CNO Nancy Strittmater are very influencing. They both seem to have the employ ees’ best interest at heart.Since the contract has already been signed, it would not of great benefit to try to pull back out of the plan. As suggested by the CEO, we will prepare our own reasonable contract proposal to present to MegaPlan Health and try to come to acceptable and agreeable terms that will be pleasing to our employees and community patients. We cannot afford the risk of losing patients. This would hurt the hospital tremendously. If the people have to travel long distances and change doctors, this will not be very pleasing to them.The terms that Community Memorial Hospital will present to MegaPlan Health must show the concern of its current patients and employees and must be suitable for the cut-throat tactics of MegaPlan Health. The suggestions of the CNO to just go ahead and sign the contract and to do it immediately are of great consideration as well. Community Memorial Hospital does not need bad rumors floating throughout its halls, and we certainly cannot risk losing some of our best nurses.We certainly don’t want our employees to panic and be of great distress. As the CFO, the interests of Community Memorial Hospital are first and foremost in my mind. I definitely want to provide my employees with the best health care plan, but I don’t want to put the hospital at risk for charges that exceed above 20%. The contract proposal that we will have to prepare will definitely stress that. Community Memorial Hospital still needs to operate and stay afloat.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Parts of Speech Essay
Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the verb, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection. Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used. In fact, the same word can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next. The next few examples show how a word’s part of speech can change from one sentence to the next, and following them is a series of sections on the individual parts of speech, followed by an exercise. Books are made of ink, paper, and glue. In this sentence, â€Å"books†is a noun, the subject of the sentence. Deborah waits patiently while Bridget books the tickets. Here â€Å"books†is a verb, and its subject is â€Å"Bridget.†We walk down the street. In this sentence, â€Å"walk†is a verb, and its subject is the pronoun â€Å"we.†The mail carrier stood on the walk. In this example, â€Å"walk†is a noun, which is part of a prepositional phrase describing where the mail carrier stood. The town decided to build a new jail. Here â€Å"jail†is a noun, which is the object of the infinitive phrase â€Å"to build.†The sheriff told us that if we did not leave town immediately he would jail us. Here â€Å"jail†is part of the compound verb â€Å"would jail.†They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night. In this sentence, â€Å"cries†is a noun acting as the direct object of the verb â€Å"heard.†The baby cries all night long and all day long. But here â€Å"cries†is a verb that describes the actions of the subject of the sentence, the baby. An adjectiveAn adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops. Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper. The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea. The coal mines are dark and dank. Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music. A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard. The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots. An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb. In the sentenceMy husband knits intricately patterned mittens. for example, the adverb â€Å"intricately†modifies the adjective â€Å"patterned.†Some nouns, many pronouns, and many participle phrases can also act as adjectives. In the sentenceEleanor listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow. for example, both highlighted adjectives are past participles. Grammarians also consider articles (â€Å"the,†â€Å"a,†â€Å"an†) to be adjectives. Possessive AdjectivesA possessive adjective (â€Å"my,†â€Å"your,†â€Å"his,†â€Å"her,†â€Å"its,†â€Å"our,†â€Å"their†) is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase, as in the following sentences:I can’t complete my assignment because I don’t have the textbook. In this sentence, the possessive adjective â€Å"my†modifies â€Å"assignment†and the noun phrase â€Å"my assignment†functions as an object. Note that the possessive pronoun form â€Å"mine†is not used to modify a noun or noun phrase. What is your phone number. Here the possessive adjective â€Å"your†is used to modify the noun phrase â€Å"phone number†; the entire noun phrase â€Å"your phone number†is a subject complement. Note that the possessive pronoun form â€Å"yours†is not used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. The bakery sold his favourite type of bread. In this example, the possessive adjective â€Å"his†modifies the noun phrase â€Å"favourite type of bread†and the entire noun phrase â€Å"his favourite type of bread†is the direct object of the verb â€Å"sold.†After many years, she returned to her homeland. Here the possessive adjective â€Å"her†modifies the noun â€Å"homeland†and the noun phrase â€Å"her homeland†is the object of the preposition â€Å"to.†Note also that the form â€Å"hers†is not used to modify nouns or noun phrases. We have lost our way in this wood. In this sentence, the possessive adjective â€Å"our†modifies â€Å"way†and the noun phrase â€Å"our way†is the direct object of the compound verb â€Å"have lost†. Note that the possessive pronoun form â€Å"ours†is not used to modify nouns or noun phrases. In many fairy tales, children are neglected by their parents. Here the possessive adjective â€Å"their†modifies â€Å"parents†and the noun phrase â€Å"their parents†is the object of the preposition â€Å"by.†Note that the possessive pronoun form â€Å"theirs†is not used to modify nouns or noun phrases. The cat chased its ball down the stairs and into the backyard. In this sentence, the possessive adjective â€Å"its†modifies â€Å"ball†and the noun phrase â€Å"its ball†is the object of the verb â€Å"chased.†Note that â€Å"its†is the possessive adjective and â€Å"it’s†is a contraction for â€Å"it is.†Demonstrative AdjectivesThe demonstrative adjectives â€Å"this,†â€Å"these,†â€Å"that,†â€Å"those,†and â€Å"what†are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrases, as in the following sentences:When the librarian tripped over that cord, she dropped a pile of books. In this sentence, the demonstrative adjective â€Å"that†modifies the noun â€Å"cord†and the noun phrase â€Å"that cord†is the object of the preposition â€Å"over.†This apartment needs to be fumigated. Here â€Å"this†modifies â€Å"apartment†and the noun phrase â€Å"this apartment†is the subject of the sentence. Even though my friend preferred those plates, I bought these. In the subordinate clause, â€Å"those†modifies â€Å"plates†and the noun phrase â€Å"those plates†is the object of the verb â€Å"preferred.†In the independent clause, â€Å"these†is the direct object of the verb â€Å"bought.†Note that the relationship between a demonstrative adjective and a demonstrative pronoun is similar to the relationship between a possessive adjective and a possessive pronoun, or to that between a interrogative adjective and an interrogative pronoun. Interrogative AdjectivesAn interrogative adjective (â€Å"which†or â€Å"what†) is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own (see also demonstrative adjectives and possessive adjectives):Which plants should be watered twice a week?Like other adjectives, â€Å"which†can be used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. In this example, â€Å"which†modifies â€Å"plants†and the noun phrase â€Å"which paints†is the subject of the compound verb â€Å"should be watered†:What book are you reading?In this sentence, â€Å"what†modifies â€Å"book†and the noun phrase â€Å"what book†is the direct object of the compound verb â€Å"are reading.†Indefinite AdjectivesAn indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, as in the following sentences:Many people believe that corporations are under-taxed. The indefinite adjective â€Å"many†modifies the noun â€Å"people†and the noun phrase â€Å"many people†is the subject of the sentence. I will send you any mail that arrives after you have moved to Sudbury. The indefinite adjective â€Å"any†modifies the noun â€Å"mail†and the noun phrase â€Å"any mail†is the direct object of the compound verb â€Å"will send.†They found a few goldfish floating belly up in the swan pound. In this example the indefinite adjective modifies the noun â€Å"goldfish†and the noun phrase is the direct object of the verb â€Å"found†:The title of Kelly’s favourite game is â€Å"All dogs go to heaven.†Here the indefinite pronoun â€Å"all†modifies â€Å"dogs†and the full title is a subject complement. Bibliography: 1.Adjective order in English2.Adjectives and Adverbs3.Adjective article on HyperGrammar4.Pratheep Raveendrabathan – List of Adjectives5.Learn English – Categorized Adjective Listings
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